aluminum is present in very small amounts in living organisms but abundant in the environment. a growing literature links with the biochemistry of aluminum and also with a series of diseases in chronic renal failure patients on treatment with hemodialysis. the initial description of potential aluminum toxicity in renal failure patients relates to description of dialysis encephalopathy syndrome ...

BACKGROUND In vitro studies have demonstrated that inflammatory mediators such as the cytokines TNF alpha and IL-1 upregulate or induce de novo expression of cell adhesion molecules on endothelial and epithelial cells. In the present study the expression of the cell adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin and PECAM-1 was investigated in renal biopsies from patients with primary renal dise...

Glomerular diseases and obstructive uropathies are the two most frequent causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children. Recently, biomarkers have become a focus of clinical research as potentially useful diagnostic tools in pediatric renal diseases. Among several putative biomarkers, chemokines emerge as promising molecules since they play relevant roles in the pathophysiology of pediatric...

nephrotic syndrome is the commonest glomerular disease. typical symptoms could be proteinuria, low serum albumin and oedema. the mechanism of proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome is a defective glomerular filtration barrier. renal biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome currently which is invasive and based on histopathological features, therefore it seems to be necessary to...