B usiness failure typically occurs when a financially weak firm can no longer pay its creditors. Failure generally involves a series of steps. First, the firm suffers losses. Second, when the firm’s creditors learn of the losses, they increase their estimate of the firm’s probability of default. To compensate themselves for this increased risk, creditors demand higher interest rates or require ...

Empirical evidence on peer intermediation lags behind many years of lending practice and a large body of theory in which lenders use peers to mitigate adverse selection and moral hazard. Using a simple referral incentive mechanism under individual liability, we develop and implement a two-stage field experiment that permits separate identification of peer screening and enforcement effects. We a...

Cytochromes P450 metabolize arachidonic acid (AA) into two vasoactive oxylipins with opposing biologic effects: epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and omega-(ω)-terminal hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). EETs have numerous beneficial physiological effects, including vasodilation and protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury, whereas ω-terminal HETEs induce vasoconstriction and vascular ...

Introduction In the January consultative package (CP), an underlying tenet of the proposed IRB approach for corporate exposures is that the source of repayment of the loan is based primarily on the ongoing operations of the borrower, rather than the cash flow from a project or property. In this context, assets pledged as collateral serve as a risk mitigant and as a secondary source of repayment...

With electromagnetic flow transducers and pneumatic cuff occluders on the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery in conscious and in anesthetized dogs, we examined the effects of both a temporary reduction in postocclusion hyperemia and oneand twocardiac cycle occlusions of the artery on the size and the duration of the hyperemic response. After release of 8-second occlusions, flow was p...

This study examined the effects of nitroglycerin and nifedipine on the transmural distribution of myocardial blood flow when ischemia-induced vasodilation of the distal coronary vasculature caused a proximal coronary stenosis to become flow-limiting. Studies were performed in chronically instrumented awake dogs with electromagnetic flowmeter probes and hydraulic occluders on the left circumflex...

This paper presents an evaluation of the long-term impact of microfinance programmes on Acehnese children during the post-tsunami recovery. The study, conducted from June to August 2010, examined the impact of microfinance programming six years after the tsunami. The sample consisted of 185 microfinance participants, with a comparison group of 192 individuals who did not participate in microfin...

The number of rural health care providers is insufficient to meet the nation's needs, since it is difficult to attract and retain providers (Chamberlain, 2011; Ross, 2013). Rural residents experience multiple health disparities including economic constraints, cultural and educational differences, and isolation, which restrict a healthy life (Winters & Lee, 2013). Nurse Practitioners (NPs) are a...

Abstract. We consider a controlled system of differential equations modeling a firm that takes a loan in order to expand its production activities. The objective is to determine the optimal loan repayment schedule using the variables of the business current profitability, the bank’s interest rate on the loan and the cost of reinvestment of capital. The portion of the annual profit which a firm ...