Highlights CSM-NWheat, a DSSAT wheat crop model, was coupled with pest module named PEST. The model can simulate the impact of and disease damage on crops. Pest is expressed in daily steps by communication links called coupling points. Coupling points are linked state variables at which be applied. Field pest-scouting reports linear interpolation used to compute rates. Abstract . Wheat one most...

Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Russian olive) is a deciduous small tree or large multi-stemmed shrub that becomes invader in different countries all other the world. It potentially invasive some regions of Russia. In beginning 20th century, it was introduced to steppe region Altai Krai (Russia, southwestern Siberia) prevent wind erosion. During last 20 years, Russian olive starts create its own nat...

Tan spot disease, which is caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr), one of the most significant wheat diseases in Kazakhstan, an important wheat-growing region Central Asia. In this study, we aimed to investigate race composition Ptr responsible for tan Kazakhstan through phenotypic and genotypic characterization. During 2019–2020, samples isolates were collected analysis six regions Repub...

Phytopathogenic ascomycete fungi possess huge effector repertoires that are dominated by hundreds of sequence-unrelated small secreted proteins. The molecular function of these effectors and the evolutionary mechanisms that generate this tremendous number of singleton genes are largely unknown. To get a deeper understanding of fungal effectors, we determined by NMR spectroscopy the 3-dimensiona...