Considering the great significant role that routing protocols play in transfer rate and choosing the optimum path for exchange of data packages, and further in the amount of consumed energy in the routing protocol, the present study has focused on developing an efficient compound energy algorithm based on cluster structure which is called active node with cluster structure. The purpose of this ...

The institutional structure of global commodity chains and cross-border production networks has a profound impact on how the benefits of globalized production are distributed. This paper engages with this issue by developing a model that combines the insights of earlier unequal exchange theorists and new work on global commodity chains to clarify the distributive dynamics of the expansion of lo...

In a world where the ecological walls literally are closing in on us, the recent combination of world-system analysis and ecological economics provides a novel way to address one of the most pressing contradictions of global capitalism: the uneven distribution of natural resources and environmental burdens. As two scholarly strands sharing several conceptual overlaps, the biophysical lens of ec...

• Rich countries rely on a large net appropriation of resources from the global South. Drain South is worth over $10 trillion per year, in Northern prices. The South’s losses outstrip their aid receipts by factor 30. Unequal exchange major driver underdevelopment and inequality. impact excess resource consumption North offshored to theory posits that economic growth “advanced economies” relies ...

-Ion-exchange experiments in expanding clay minerals conducted over a wide range of surface ionic compositions and ionic strength produce variable mass-action selectivity coefficients. When the exchanging ions are of unequal charge, tactoid structure appears to influence selectivity, although configurational entropy of adsorbed ions may also generate variable selectivity. The degree of deviatio...