Enterobacteriaceae species are important human pathogens while increasing number of antibiotic resistant strains are detected worldwide. The most common antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is observed against beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides while recently resistance to polymyxins has also appeared. Beta-lactam resistance is mainly conferred by beta-lactamases, capable to...

The prevalence of antiretroviral-resistant virus in patients with newly diagnosed HIV infection according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveys is shown in Table 1. In the most recent survey, covering 2003 to 2006, 10.9% of patients exhibited resistance to any drug, with the majority having resistance to nonnucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and ...

We studied mechanisms of resistance to the novel taxane cabazitaxel in established cellular models of taxane resistance. We also developed cabazitaxel-resistant variants from MCF-7 breast cancer cells by stepwise selection in drug alone (MCF-7/CTAX) or drug plus the transport inhibitor PSC-833 (MCF-7/CTAX-P). Among multidrug-resistant (MDR) variants, cabazitaxel was relatively less cross-resist...

Insulin resistance is characterized by the diminished ability of insulin to initiate intracellular signaling. It is a common manifestation of obesity and a prelude to type 2 diabetes. The primary targets of insulin are skeletal muscle, adipose, and the liver. Impaired insulin signaling in these tissues reduces glucose uptake and promotes a metabolic syndrome that is characterized by elevated le...

The ribosome and protein synthesis are major targets within the cell for inhibition by antibiotics, such as the tetracyclines. The tetracycline family of antibiotics represent a large and diverse group of compounds, ranging from the naturally produced chlortetracycline, introduced into medical usage in the 1940s, to second and third generation semi-synthetic derivatives of tetracycline, such as...

In the last 50 years bacteria have demonstrated a remarkable ability to develop and share resistance to every antibiotic that has been developed, often by quite unexpected mechanisms and much more readily than was originally predicted (Spratt, 1994). Antibiotic resistant bacteria can live and multiply in the presence of therapeutic levels of antibiotics. They can be resistant in their natural s...

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is the phenomenon whereby a plant’s own defense mechanisms are induced by prior treatment with either a biological or chemical agent. The concept of SAR has been widely recognized and studied for the past 100 years in relation to increasing resistance to fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens of economically important crop plants. The use of SAR as part of a d...

Mechanisms Underlying Broad Spectrum Resistance Genome-wide interactions between Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and rice resulting from a broad-spectrum hypersensitive reaction (BSHR) mediated by a new rice R gene, Xa39, were investigated by comparative dynamic transcriptomic profiles in the incompatible and compatible interactions using three related rice lines and a highly virulent Xoo i...

Camptothecins are broad-spectrum anticancer drugs that specifically target DNA topoisomerase I. Although the availability of camptothecins has had a significant impact on cancer therapeutics, de novo or acquired clinical resistance to camptothecins is common. Studies of camptothecin resistance using yeast and mammalian cell culture models suggest three general mechanisms of resistance: (1) redu...