The sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis, is a major target pest of transgenic corn expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins (i.e., Cry1Ab) in South America and the mid-southern region of the United States. Evolution of insecticide resistance in such target pests is a major threat to the durability of transgenic Bt crops. Understanding the pests' resistance mechanisms will facilitate de...

The growing demand for reducing chemical inputs in agriculture and increased resistance to insecticides have provided great impetus to the development of alternative forms of insect-pest control. Entomopathogenic fungi are potentially the most versatile biological control agents due to their wide host range. These fungi comprise a diverse group of over 90 genera with approximately 750 species, ...

An obvious need for an updated and comprehensive study prompted this investigation of the complex of environmental costs resulting from the nation’s dependence on pesticides. Included in this assessment of an estimated $10 billion in environmental and societal damages are analyses of: pesticide impacts on public health; livestock and livestock product losses; increased control expenses resultin...

Bollgard cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) containing the CryIAc endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner became commercially available to cotton producers in 1996. Bollgard cultivars since that time have provided excellent control of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens F., for growers in Arkansas. Control of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and other lepidopterous pests has been less ...

Stem borers (Lepidoptera) are common cereal pests. In many parts of the world, species Ostrinia nubilalis and Sesamia nonagrioides stand out as important insect pests economically crops such maize. Their management relied mainly on transgenic host plant resistance over last 25 years. Technologies based insecticidal properties Bacillus thuringiensis-derived proteins allowed widespread pest popul...

n their continuing battle with more I than 10,000 insect pest species, scient ists and growers in the United S ta tes achieved some striking successes against many pests, mainly with broad-spectrum insecticides. Unfortunately, those pesticides have had detrimental side effects: Pest insects developed resistance to formerly lethal materials; natural enemies of pests were destroyed; previously in...

In today's world, food security is an important issue. Food shortages push prices up, impacting upon the health and well-being of hundreds of millions of rural poor across the globe. One way to increase food security is to decrease the amount of yield lost to pests. This encyclopedia provides a comprehensive overview of the fight against pests, covering chemical pesticides, biocontrol agents an...

In today's world, food security is an important issue. Food shortages push prices up, impacting upon the health and well-being of hundreds of millions of rural poor across the globe. One way to increase food security is to decrease the amount of yield lost to pests. This encyclopedia provides a comprehensive overview of the fight against pests, covering chemical pesticides, biocontrol agents an...

Abstract AC303,630 (chlorfenapyr), a member of a new class of compound known as the pyrroles, is a broad spectrum insecticide/acaricide on many economically importance crops. AC303,630 is highly active by ingestion, posesses contact activity and provides moderate residual activity on plants. Extensive field study in many Asian countries has shown AC303,630 to be highly effective on many economi...

The primary strategy for delaying the evolution of pest resistance to transgenic crops that produce insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) entails refuges of plants that do not produce Bt toxins and thus allow survival of susceptible pests. Recent advances include using refuges together with Bt crop 'pyramids' that make two or more Bt toxins effective against the same pest, and ...