The doctoral defense is an important step in the journey and essential requirement for obtaining a degree. Past research on has focused solely national practices. In this work, I investigate potential link between format based its major minor elements perception of by student. For purpose, first reviewed different formats used internationally to extract defense, literature students’ perceptions...

Abstract In standard auction theory, the ‘revenue equivalence theorem’ asserts that outcomes of elementary allocation methods coincide. However, bidding processes differ fundamentally with regard to decision situation participants: Is it at all imperative take into consideration number competitors (‘stochastic’ strategy) or not (‘deterministic’ course action)? Furthermore, established theory ne...

Introduction: Research has asserted MCQ items using threeresponse options (one correct answer with two distractors) iscomparable to, and possibly preferable over, traditional MCQitem formats consisting of four response options (e.g., one correctanswer with three distractors), or five response options (e.g., onecorrect answer with four distractors). Some medical educatorshave also adopted the pr...