Gallstone disease is a widespread disorder costing billions for annual treatment in the United States. The primary mechanisms underlying gallstone formation are biliary cholesterol supersaturation and gallbladder hypomotility. The relative contribution of these two processes has been difficult to dissect, as experimental lithogenic diets cause both bile supersaturation and alterations in gallbl...

Available online 27 February 2016 serum levels and (3) that this hypomotilitywas not reported by patients by themeans of subjective constipation symptoms. Remarkably, CTTs in clozapine were four times longer than for other antipsychotics or population norms and 4 of 5 clozapine-treated patients showed clear Clozapine is still the most effective antipsychotic drug in the manhypomotility (Every-P...

Accurate voluntary feed intake (VFI) prediction is critical to the productivity and profitability of ruminant livestock production systems. Simple empirical models have been used to predict VFI for decades, but they are inflexible, restrictive, and poorly accommodate many feeding conditions, such as those of developing countries. We have developed a mechanistic model to predict VFI over a range...

Medical records of 31 adult dairy cows suffering from recurrent rumen tympany for at least 1 month duration that underwent exploratory laparotomy and rumenotomy were reviewed and information was obtained on signalment, history, physical examination findings, laboratory findings and surgical findings. Cases were categorized according to surgical findings into 3 groups. Group 1 (n = 10) included ...

Ruminant animals play an important role in the food chain for evaluate cellulose and non-protein nitrogenous (NPN) compounds absorbed partially or not by other farm animals and humans. However, ruminant animals also bring some disadvantages. Methane, produced as a natural consequence of the ruminal digestion and it is a potential green house gas, is a problem, both ecologically and economically...

Rumen fluke (RF) are trematode parasites that have increased in prevalence within European ruminant livestock since the 1990s. Morbidity and mortality can result from development of juvenile flukes duodenum, however, evidence for significant impacts adult rumen final host is equivocal. The presence Scotland had not previously been quantified, so purpose this study was to use historical coprolog...

In this study we hypothesized that the lameness of early lactation dairy cows would have an impact on inline biomarkers, such as rumination time (RT), milk fat (%), protein fat/protein ratio (F/P), lactose (L, %), electrical conductivity all udder quarters, body weight (BW), temperature reticulorumen content (TRR), pH (pH), and walking activity (activity). All 30 lame (LCs) used in experiment h...