Breast-feeding has been suggested to be associated with lower risks of obesity in older children and adults. We assessed whether the duration and exclusiveness of breast-feeding are associated with early postnatal growth rates and the risks of overweight and obesity in preschool children. The present study was embedded in a population-based prospective cohort study from early fetal life onwards...

The intraclass correlation coefficient (rI) has been advocated as a statistic for assessing agreement or consistency between two methods of measurement, in conjunction with a significance test of the difference between means obtained by the two methods. We show that neither technique is appropriate for assessing the interchangeability of measurement methods. We describe an alternative approach ...

The procedure developed by Browett and Moss (1964) for the semi-automatic determination of the lead content of urine has been adapted for the determination of lead in blood. Determinations are normally carried out in duplicate on 2.0 ml. samples of whole blood and the minimum sample size is 0.5 ml. The organic substances present in blood are destroyed by a manual wet-oxidation procedure and the...

Monod kinetic parameters (Ks, micromax, and Y) that are estimated from batch experimental data can have large uncertainties due to linear correlations between them. The degree of correlation and the resulting uncertainties of the Monod parameters are functions of the initial experimental conditions, the values of the parameters, the type and magnitude of measurement errors, and the sampling num...

This research aimed to observe changes in the within subject variability of the longswing performance and coordination across age groups in gymnasts divided by their competition level, from younger (group 1) to experts (group 5). Data were collected by two video cameras. Performance and coordinative within subject variability were calculated by the standard deviation (inter-trial variability) a...

AIM To determine minimally important differences (MIDs) for scales in the first version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ). METHODS Data were taken from two separate studies: a national population survey (N = 1062), and an intervention study at 14 workplaces (N = 1505). On the basis of the population survey, the MID for each COPSOQ scale was calculated as one-half of a stan...

Recent developments for a new spectral irradiance scale realization at the National Institute of Standards and Technology have been targeted to reduce the present relative expanded uncertainties of 0.67 % to 4.34 % (coverage factor of k = 2 and thus a 2 standard deviation estimate) in the spectral irradiance scale to 0.17 % for the range from 350 nm to 1100 nm. To accomplish this goal, a suite ...

The sensitivity of four tests on Shewhart type Q-eharis and of specially designed EWMA and CUSUM Q-eharts to detect one-step permanent shifts of either a normal mean or standard deviation has been studied. The usual test that signals for one point beyond three standard deviations on a Shewhart chart is found to have poor sensitivity, generally. The test that signals when four out of five consec...

We investigated the precision of orientation representations with two tasks, change detection and recall. Previously change detection has been measured only with relatively large orientation changes compared to psychophysical thresholds. In the first experiment, we measured the observers' ability (d') to detect small changes in orientation (5-30°) with 1-4 Gabor items. With one item even a 10° ...

AIM The aim of this study was to explore the teacher identity formation dynamics of student nurse-educators about the subject matter, pedagogy and didactics. DESIGN A case study using descriptive quantitative design was employed. METHODS Using a cross-sectional approach, data were collected in 2014 using a self-administered questionnaire. Participants were asked to self-evaluate their teach...