We describe a programming tutor framework that consists of two configurable components, a guided-planning component and an assisted-coding component that offers task relevant automatically-generated hints on demand to students. We evaluate the effectiveness of the new integrated planning and coding environment by comparing it to three other tutor conditions: planning-only, coding-only, and plan...

In knowledge work, different types of collaboration can be distinguished. Because of close relationships between these collaboration types, it is necessary to support them together in an integrated collaboration environment. Using case studies, in this paper, the authors describe various types of collaboration practice and demonstrate the necessity of their integrated support. Based on this wor...

To date, the natural substratum preferences of early benthic phase (EBP) European lobsters (Homarus gammarus) remain largely unknown. This study utilised a large scale mesocosm experiment to determine if the animal favours cobble ground, similar to its American counterpart (Homarus americanus), or has other substratum preferences. Postlarvae were provided with the choice of settling on four nat...

Several physical as well as numerical experiments have shown that a fluid flowing between two parallel plates can be significantly influenced by the shape of the boundary. In particular, the presence of microscopic asperities parallel to the flow (riblets) can considerably reduce the drag experienced by the fluid (see Chu and Karniadakis [7], Savill et al. [11]). The main objective of the prese...

understanding how a cutout influences the load bearing capacity and buckling behavior of cylindrical shells is fundamental in the design of structural components used in automobiles, aircrafts, and marine structures. in this article, simulation and analysis of steel cylindrical shells with various lengths, include quasi elliptical cutout, subjected to axial compression were systematically carri...

About one third of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the atmosphere in the past two centuries has been taken up by the ocean. As CO2 invades the surface ocean, carbonate ion concentrations and pH are lowered. Laboratory studies indicate that this reduces the calcification rates of marine calcifying organisms, including planktic foraminifera. Such a reduction in calcification ...