We propose a new formulation of gauge theories as a quantum theory which has the gauge theory action S as its dynamical variable. This system is described by a simple actional I(S) (that is, an action for the action S) whose equation of motion gives the Batalin-Vilkovisky (BV) master equation for S. Upon quantization we find that our new formulation is reduced to something like a topological fi...

a numerical method for solving nonlinear fredholm-volterra integral equations of general type is presented. this method is based on replacement of unknown function by truncated series of well known chebyshev expansion of functions. the quadrature formulas which we use to calculate integral terms have been imated by fast fourier transform (fft). this is a grate advantage of this method which has...

The purpose of this paper is to obtain an existence result for the integral equation u (t) = φ (t, u (t)) + ∫ b a ψ (t, s, u (s)) ds, t ∈ [a, b] where φ : [a, b]×R → R and ψ : [a, b]× [a, b]×R → R are continuous functions which satisfy some special growth conditions. The main idea is to transform the integral equation into a fixed point problem for a condensing map T : C [a, b] → C [a, b]. The ...

recently, the block-pulse functions (bpfs) are used in solving electromagnetic scattering problem, which are modeled as linear fredholm integral equations (fies) of the second kind. but the theoretical aspect of this method has not fully investigated yet. in this article, in addition to presenting a new approach for solving fie of the second kind, the theory of both methods is investigated as a...

a time-domain approach is presented to calculate electromagnetic fields inside a large electromagnetic pulse (emp) simulator. this type of emp simulator is used for studying the effect of electromagnetic pulses on electrical apparatus in various structures such as vehicles, a reoplanes, etc. the simulator consists of three planar transmission lines. to solve the problem, we first model the meta...

in this paper, he‘s variational iteration method is applied to fredholm integral equations of the second kind. to illustrate the ability and simplicity of the method, some examples are provided. the results reveal that the proposed method is very effective and simple and for first fourth examples leads to the exact solution.

in this paper, stochastic generalizations of some fixed point for operators satisfying random contractively generalized hybrid and some other contractive condition have been proved. we discuss also the existence of a solution to a nonlinear random integral equation in banah spaces.

In this paper, a reliable iterative approach, for solving a wide range of linear and nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integral equations is established. First the approach considers a discretized form of the integral terms where considering some conditions on the kernel of the integral equation it is proved that solution of the discretized form converges to the exact solution of the problem. Then th...