Abstract Protesters sometimes face penalties for their actions, but few papers have attempted to quantify these penalties. We investigate whether the subsequent salaries and employment status of NFL players who took a knee or sat during national anthem 2017 season differed from similar did not. find limited evidence that they were penalized in terms 2018 2019 seasons. Conditional on employment,...

What are the causal effects of collective bargaining (CB) on teacher salaries? This seemingly simple question is difficult to answer because (a) national data measuring school district salaries and collective bargaining is limited in scope, while individual teacher data from the CPS mismeasure CB coverage; (b) union wage effects depend not only on coverage but also on an array of CB law provisi...

certain values of a than Birnbaum's diagnostic test would allow. What values of a and m would be plausible in any given application, of course, would depend on the specifics of the situation. Ideally, one might wish to construct a model of the past salary policies pursued by the institution, treating each of the components of M as individual variables to obtain reasonable estimates of m and a. ...