Based on the investigation of medical discourses referring to school sanitation, this study addresses the spread of the Hygiene science in the State of Paraná, southern Brazil, between 1920 and 1937. Discourses to schools present in many sources, mainly periodicals, Archivos Paranaenses de Medicina and Revista Medica do Parana, pointed out the perception of medicine underpinned by Hygiene, in w...

Japan’s handling of border control measures during the COVID-19 pandemic has become known as sakoku-approach. Sakoku literally means “closed country” and generally refers to a historic period when Tokugawa Shogunate (1603–1868) kept borders shut because international contacts were feared cause public upheaval political instability. While these times have long passed, contemporary Japan, too, is...

Autophagy has become a biological paradigm of how eukaryotic cells, especially those that are long lived, maintain their vitality, control the quality of cytoplasmic organelles, and stay alive or die when growth factors are withdrawn and there is an energy or nutrient crisis. The role of autophagy has been extended to innate and adaptive immunity functions, which surpassed all initial expectati...

A seed treatment includes any compound or process applied to seed in order to reduce damage by organisms that infest the seed surface, infect tissue inside the seed, live in soil where the seed will be placed, or attack young seedlings. Compounds discussed in this publication include organic chemicals and microbial formulations that are applied to suppress damage by pathogenic fungi, insects, o...