a Graduate Institute of International Studies, rue de Lausanne 132, CH-1211 Geneva 21, Switzerland. Correspondence to this author (email: [email protected]). b Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Berne, Switzerland. c Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Manquinhas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ref. No. 06-039222 (Submitted: 23 November 2006 – Accepted: 15 January 2007) Introduction “In the past” — said R...

in this article, by investigating the nature of post national companies and their status in international political economy it is attempted, to show that great evolution has been occurred in diplomacy and persons having role in it and by entering these companies into field of international relations two additional aspects have been added to diplomacy other than diplomacy of governments: company...

The establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank has had a significant impact on economic diplomacy in East Asia. The AIIB is substantially funded by China, and there are some anxieties that it will come to rival and eclipse the Asian Development Bank, where Japan plays a key role. Will the AIIB trigger off a new round of rivalry in economic diplomacy between China and Japan? Does ...

Global health diplomacy (GHD) focuses on international negotiation; principally between nation states, but increasingly non-state actors However, agreements made at the global level have to be enacted at the national, and in some cases the sub-national level. This presents two related problems: (1) how can success be measured in global health diplomacy and (2) at what point should success be ev...

With regard to literature, improved estimations for the number of possible moves and placements are provided, showing that the complexity of Diplomacy is enormous, making it a good candidate for machine learning and evolutionary learning techniques. To enhance the playing strength of an existing Diplomacy bot and alleviate the distance to the presumed best current bot, a look-ahead planning com...

During the last decade, cruise tourism in Arctic and Antarctic has grown exponentially as changing environmental conditions have enabled increased access to polar regions. This industry potential support communities via financial social benefits; however, it is also a climate- capital-intensive global economic activity whose negative impacts are difficult assess, monitor control. The current st...