PURPOSE To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of intravitreal injections of neurotrophic factors secreting mesenchymal stem cells (NTF-SCs) on the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in rat eyes after optic nerve transection (ONT). METHODS Rat and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were induced to secrete high levels of NTF. The neuroprotective effect from intravit...

In their natural habitat, the peripheral nerve, Schwann cells (SCs) form nicely aligned pathways (also known as the bands of Büngner) that guide regenerating axons to their targets. Schwann cells that are implanted in the lesioned spinal cord fail to align in pathways that could support axon growth but form cellular clusters that exhibit only limited intermingling with the astrocytes and mening...

BACKGROUND Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has proven to be an effective however an invasive and relatively expensive treatment of chronic Complex Regional Pain Syndrome type 1(CRPS-1). Furthermore, in one third of CRPS-1 patients, SCS treatment fails to give significant pain relief and 32-38% of treated patients experience complications. The aim of the current study was to develop effective prog...

OBJECTIVES Healthcare policy makers and payers require cost-effectiveness evidence to inform their treatment funding decisions. Thus, in 2008, the United Kingdom's National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence analyzed the cost effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) compared with conventional medical management (CMM) and with reoperation and recommended approval of SCS in selecte...

During meiotic prophase a synaptonemal complex (SC) forms between each pair of homologous chromosomes and is believed to be involved in regulating recombination. Studies on SCs usually destroy nuclear architecture, making it impossible to examine the relationship of these structures to the rest of the nucleus. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the meiosis-specific Zip1 protein is found throughout the...

The upper cervical spinal region functions as an intraspinal controller of thoracic spinal reflexes and contributes to neuronal regulation of the ischemic myocardium. Our objective was to determine whether stimulation of the C2 cervical spinal cord (SCS) of rats modified the input signal at the thoracic spinal cord when cardiac ischemia-sensitive (sympathetic) afferents were activated by transi...

BACKGROUND Patients with refractory angina have significant morbidity. This study aimed to compare two of the treatment options, Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) and Percutaneous Myocardial Laser Revascularisation (PMR) in terms of clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness. METHODS Eligible patients were randomised to PMR or SCS and followed up for exercise tolerance time (ETT), Canadian Cardiova...

Chronic neuropathic pain caused by injury to or disease in the nervous system is relatively common and results in major suffering, poor quality of life and incapacity. Such pain is a therapeutic challenge because a considerable portion of the patients fails to benefit from pharmacotherapy. Therefore, there is a need for alternative treatment modalities. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has proven ...

provided the original work is properly cited. CC A spinal cord stimulator is usually used as an electro-modulator for pain treatment. Shealy et al. [1] first reported the use of a spinal cord stimulator in an elderly male suffering with terminal bronchogenic carcinoma and right-sided chest pain in 1967. Since then, spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been applied to many disease entities, such as...