A numerical model for scattering from sea ice based on the finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique is presented. The sea ice medium is modeled as consisting of randomly located spherical brine scatterers with a specified fractional volume, and the medium is modeled both with and without a randomly rough boundary to study the relative effects of volume and surface scattering. A Monte Carl...

S U M M A R Y We have reprocessed ERS-1 radar altimeter waveforms using an algorithm designed to minimize sea surface slope error and decouple it from significant wave height (SWH) error. Standard waveform retracking estimates three parameters—arrival time, SWH and amplitude. We show that errors in retracked estimates of arrival time and SWH are inherently correlated because of the noise charac...

[1] Over the past decade, efforts to estimate temperature and sea level for the past 50 Ma have increased. In parallel, efforts to model ice sheet changes during this period have been ongoing. We review published paleodata and modeling work to provide insights into how sea level responds to changing temperature through changes in ice volume and thermal expansion. To date, the temperature to sea...

Changes in sea ice significantly modulate climate change because of its high reflective and strong insulating nature. In contrast to Arctic sea ice, sea ice surrounding Antarctica has expanded1, with record extent2 in 2010. This ice expansion has previously been attributed to dynamical atmospheric changes that induce atmospheric cooling3. Here we show that accelerated basal melting of Antarctic...

Accurate ship detection from radar imagery needs a proper statistical characterization of both target and sea scattering. Even if a statistical model for the target class is not available, effective discrimination between “sea” and “nonsea” classes can be achieved making use of a good model for the sea scattering distribution (i.e. anomaly detection). Hence, the retrieval of the statistical cha...

Observations of the Caspian Sea during August-September 1995 are used to develop a three-dimensional numerical model to be used in calculating temperature and current. The model has variable grid resolution and horizontal smoothing that filters out small scale vertical motion. Data from the meteorological buoy network on the Caspian Sea are combined with routine observations at first-order syno...

Observations of the Caspian Sea during August-September 1995 are used to develop a three-dimensional numerical model to be used in calculating temperature and current. The model has variable grid resolution and horizontal smoothing that filters out small scale vertical motion. Data from the meteorological buoy network on the Caspian Sea are combined with routine observations at first-order syno...

[1] High‐frequency measurements of surface water partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in the Gulf of Trieste in the north Adriatic Sea, the most northern part of the Mediterranean, are presented. Sea surface pCO2 was measured at the coastal oceanographic buoy Vida (45° 32′ 55.68′′ N, 13° 33′ 1.89′′ E), using the Submersible Autonomous Moored Instrument for CO2 during four deployments from 2007 to 200...