A brain tumor is an intracranial solid neoplasm, a tumor (defined as an abnormal growth of cells) within the brain or the central spinal canal. Some tumors are brain cancers. Brain tumors may also spread from cancers primarily located in other organs (metastatic tumors) [1]. Brain tumors are the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in children under age 20. They are the second leading ...

Editor’s Note: The gut-brain axis—an imaginary line between the brain and the gut—is one of the new frontiers of neuroscience. Microbiota in our gut, sometimes referred to as the “second genome” or the “second brain,” may influence our mood in ways that scientists are just now beginning to understand. Unlike with inherited genes, it may be possible to reshape, or even to cultivate, this second ...

background: angiotensin ii (ang ii) has an important role on cerebral microcirculation however, its direct roles in terms of ischemic brain edema need to be clarified. this study evaluated the role of central ang ii by using candesartan, as an at1 receptor blocker, in the brain edema formation and blood-brain barrier (bbb) disruption caused by ischemia/reperfusion (i/r) injuries in rat. methods...

neurofeedback is a kind of biofeedback, which teaches self-control of brain functions to subjects by measuring brain waves and providing a feedback signal. neurofeedback usually provides the audio and or video feedback. positive or negative feedback is produced for desirable or undesirable brain activities, respectively. in this review, we provided clinical and technical information about the f...