Within the framework of the theory of interacting classical and quantum gases it is shown that the atomistic constitution of gases can be understood as a consequence of (second) quantization of a continuum theory of gases. In this note this is explained in some detail for the theory of non-relativistic interacting Bose gases, which can be viewed as the second quantization of a continuum theory ...

Realistic dynamical theories of measurement based on the diffusion of quantum states are nonunitary, whereas quantum field theory and its generalizations are unitary. This problem in the quantum field theory of quantum state diffusion (QSD) appears already in the Lagrangian formulation of QSD as a classical equation of motion, where Liouville’s theorem does not apply to the usual field theory f...

By application of the general twist-induced ⋆-deformation procedure we translate second quantization of a system of bosons/fermions on a symmetric spacetime in a non-commutative language. The procedure deforms in a coordinated way the spacetime algebra and its symmetries, the wave-mechanical description of a system of n bosons/fermions, the algebra of creation and annihilation operators and als...

Neutrino oscillations are treated from the point of view of relativistic first quantized theories and compared to second quantized treatments. Within first quantized theories, general oscillation probabilities can be found for Dirac fermions and charged spin 0 bosons. A clear modification in the oscillation formulas can be obtained and its origin is elucidated and confirmed to be inevitable fro...

Covariant quantization of the Nambu-Goto spinning particle in 2+1-dimensions is studied. The model is relevant in the context of recent activities in non-commutative space-time. From a technical point of view also covariant quantization of the model poses an interesting problem: the set of second class constraints (in the Dirac classification scheme) is reducible. The reducibil-ity problem is a...

Abstract In this paper, embedding a watermark in the image is performed in discrete Contourlet transform (CT) domain. It is known that the CT is able to capture the directional edges and contours superior to discrete wavelet transform. We introduce three methods. The first proposed method is based on embedding watermark bits into the singular value of the selected blocks within low-pass sub-ban...

In this second paper on loop quantization of Gowdy model, we introduce the kinematical Hilbert space on which appropriate holonomies and fluxes are well represented. The quantization of the volume operator and the Gauss constraint is straightforward. Imposition of the Gauss constraint can be done on the kinematical Hilbert space to select subspace of gauge invariant states. We carry out the qua...