This paper introduces backward conditioning. Like forward conditioning (used in conditioned slicing), backward conditioning consists of specialising a program with respect to a condition inserted into the program. However, whereas forward conditioning deletes statements which are not executed when the initial state satisfies the condition, backward conditioning deletes statements which cannot c...

The activity of dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a key mechanism in mesolimbic reward processing that has modulatory effects on different diencephalic structures like hippocampus (HIP), and receives inhibitory feedback and excitatory feed forward control. In addition, within the hippocampus, DA receptors are mostly located in the dorsal part (CA1) and dopa...

The increasing reliance on information gathered from the web and other internet technologies raise the issue of trust. Through the development of semantic Web, One major difficulty is that, by its very nature, the semantic web is a large, uncensored system to which anyone may contribute. This raises the question of how much credence to give each resource. Each user knows the trustworthiness of ...

Background: Knowing the development pattern of children’s language is applicable in developmental psychology. Network models of language are helpful for the identification of these patterns.  Objectives: We examined the small-world properties of featured semantic networks of developing children. Materials & Methods: In this longitudinal study, the featured semantic networks of children aged 1...

We introduce a new reinforcement-learning model for the role of the hippocampus in classical conditioning, focusing on the differences between trace and delay conditioning. In the model, all stimuli are represented both as unindividuated wholes and as a series of temporal elements with varying delays. These two stimulus representations interact, producing different patterns of learning in trace...

This study investigated the effect of using visual aids, semantic elaboration, and visual aids plus semantic elaboration on the Iranian EFL learners' vocabulary learning. To conduct the study, the researchers assigned 49 elementary learners to three homogeneous groups according to their proficiency level. Then, a pre-test of Paribakht and Wesche's Vocabulary Knowledge Scale was given to each gr...