We study the design of e¢ cient intertemporal payment arrangements when the ability of agents to perform certain welfare-improving transactions is subject to random and unobservable shocks. E¢ ciency is achieved via a payment system that assigns balances to participants, adjusts them based on the histories of transactions, and periodically resets them through settlement. Our analysis addresses ...

Microbial biofilms play important roles in initiating settlement of marine invertebrate larvae. Given the importance of habitat selection by the motile larval phase, understanding settlement choices is critical if we are to successfully predict the population dynamics of sessile adults. Marine microbial biofilms show remarkable variability in community composition, often mediated by environment...

Often a bargainer can use some form of power—legal, military, or political—to impose a settlement. How does the “outside” option of being able to impose a settlement, albeit at some cost, affect the bargaining? And, how does the probability that the bargaining will break down vary with the distribution of power between the bargainers? These questions are examined by adding the option of imposin...

Bringing efficiency to the entire trade lifecycle is the key to decreasing risk. With increased cross border trade activities, the post trade process continues to be complex and challenging for investment firms due to lack of harmonization in market practices. Despite technology advances and business process improvements, there are inefficiencies in the settlement process leading to trade and s...

DOI 10.1007/s10040-002-0225-5 Abstract Suzhou City, located at the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in southeastern Jiangsu Province, is one of the few cities in China which suffer from severe ground settlement. A research project was carried out to investigate this problem. Geological and hydrogeological studies show that there is a multi-layered aquifer system with three distinct, soft mud ...

Tubes constructed of different materials were used to examine the role of hydrodynamics and surface characteristics, as measured by contact angles, on larval attachment of marine polychaetes, bryozoans and barnacles. Tubes (10 mm inner diameter) of 7 different materials, ranging in contact angle from 25° to 113°, were used. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted using a range of flow r...

this article presents a comparative study of marginalization in the cities of sabzevar, neishabour, torbat heidariye and gonaabaad. it also presents the history of marginalization and marginal settlement in the world, related theories and models. the article also talks about the international experiences about marginalization and marginal settlement. the writers of the article have first identi...

Marine seafloor ecosystems, and efforts to restore them, depend critically on the influx and settlement of larvae following their pelagic dispersal period. Larval dispersal and settlement patterns are driven by a combination of physical oceanography and behavioral responses of larvae to a suite of sensory cues both in the water column and at settlement sites. There is growing evidence that the ...

When planning for a new urban settlement, industrial ecology tools like scenario building and life cycle assessment can be used to assess the environmental quality of different infrastructure solutions. In Trondheim, a new greenfield settlement with carbon-neutral ambitions is being planned and five different scenarios for the waste management system of the new settlement have been compared. Th...

Barnacle cyprids exhibit a complex swimming and exploratory behaviour on surfaces and settlement is a consequence of extensive surface probing and selection of suitable settlement sites. In this work, the behaviour of cyprids in their pre-settlement phase was studied by three-dimensional video stereoscopy. With this technique, three-dimensional trajectories were obtained that were quantitativel...