Practicing retrieval of recently studied information enhances the likelihood of the learner retrieving that information in the future. We examined whether short-answer and multiple-choice classroom quizzing could enhance retention of information on classroom exams taken for a grade. In seventh-grade science and high school history classes, students took intermittent quizzes (short-answer or mul...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is important for initiating treatment to gain cure. The present investigation was undertaken to study the association of conversion and cure with initial smear grading among pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients registered in a directly observed treatment - short course (DOTS) programme in Tiruvallur district, south India. METHODS Al...

PURPOSE Psychological distress is common among medical students. Curriculum structure and grading scales are modifiable learning environment factors that may influence student well-being. The authors sought to examine relationships among curriculum structures, grading scales, and student well-being. METHOD The authors surveyed 2,056 first- and second-year medical students at seven U.S. medica...

Abbreviations used in this paper: CC, collagenous colitis; CI, confidence interval; GIQLI, Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index; GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation; LC, lymphocytic colitis; MC, microscopic colitis; MD, mean difference; PICO, population, interventions, comparisons, and outcomes; RR, relative risk; SIBDQ, Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Qu...

In this paper we analyze two question answering tasks : the TREC-8 question answering task and a set of reading comprehension exams. First, we show that Q/A systems perform better when there are multiple answer opportunities per question. Next, we analyze common approaches to two subproblems: term overlap for answer sentence identification, and answer typing for short answer extraction. We pres...

Let $$UT_n(F)$$ be the algebra of $$n\times n$$ upper triangular matrices and denote $$UT_n(F)^{(-)}$$ Lie on vector space with respect to usual bracket (commutator), over an infinite field F. In this paper, we give a positive answer Specht property for ideal $$\mathbb {Z}_n$$ -graded identities canonical grading when characteristic p F is 0 or larger than $$n-1$$ . Namely prove that every grad...