To the Editors: Having older siblings, in contrast to younger ones, is a surrogate marker of earlier exposure to common childhood pathogens (1). A Swedish case-control study reported a reduced risk of Hodgkin’s disease when subjects with three or more older siblings were compared with those without older siblings. No significant differences were found with younger and total number of siblings (...

aim and background: the siblings of children with down syndrome are at risk for psychological disorders.therefore the aim of this study was to investigae the effectiveness of resiliencetraining on mental health in siblings of children with down syndrome.   methods and materials: in the present study a semi- experimental design with pretest-posttest and follow up design was utilized. the statist...

Nasopharyngeal transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae was evaluated among 23 siblings with acute otitis media (AOM). Restriction fragment length polymorphism revealed that the nasopharyngeal strains were identical between siblings in 12 of 13 clusters of AOM experienced in 11 families. This study demonstrated person-to-person transmission of S. pneumoniae, especially drug-resistant strains, a...

BACKGROUND Familial aggregation of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To determine the degree of family aggregation of DLB by comparing DLB risk between siblings of probands with clinically diagnosed DLB and siblings of probands with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer disease in a cohort of Caribbean Hispanic families and to explore the degree of aggregation of specific c...

In 1998 the Norwegian government introduced a program that increased parents’ incentives to stay home with children under the age of three. Many eligible children had older siblings, and we investigate how this program affected long-run educational outcomes of the older siblings. Using comprehensive administrative data, we estimate a difference-in-differences model which exploits differences in...

ABSTRACT Supernova (SN) siblings – two or more SNe in the same parent galaxy are useful tools for exploring progenitor stellar populations as well properties of host galaxies such distance, star-formation rate, dust extinction, and metallicity. Since average SN rate a Milky Way-type is just one per century, large imaging survey required to discover an appreciable sample siblings. From wide-fiel...

BACKGROUND An impaired ability to compensate for calories and increased eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) has been associated with increased energy intake and weight gain in unrelated children. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to compare caloric compensation [the percentage compensation index (%COMPX)] and EAH in weight-discordant siblings aged 5-12 y. DESIGN In a crossover, behavi...

CONTEXT Cortical gray matter (GM) loss is marked and progressive in childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) during adolescence but becomes more circumscribed by early adulthood. Nonpsychotic siblings of COS probands could help evaluate whether the cortical GM abnormalities are familial/trait markers. OBJECTIVE To map cortical development in nonpsychotic siblings of COS probands. DESIGN Using an...

We measured the concentrations of the soluble forms of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and L-selectin in 95 autoantibody-positive siblings of children with type 1 diabetes and 95 sex- and age-matched siblings testing negative for diabetes-associated autoantibodies to assess the possible role of soluble adhesion molecules as markers of progressive ss-cell destruction in preclinic...

CONTEXT Nonpsychotic siblings of patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) share cortical gray matter abnormalities with their probands at an early age; these normalize by the time the siblings are aged 18 years, suggesting that the gray matter abnormalities in schizophrenia could be an age-specific endophenotype. Patients with COS also show significant white matter (WM) growth deficits...