Moisture conditions, especially those that occur as multi-decadal anomalies, have profound impacts on society, in arid and semi-arid regions. However, the lack of high-resolution climate data for first millennium CE greatly limits our understanding how moisture variations influenced history. Here, we present an 1882-year (134–2015 CE) tree-ring chronology developed from Qilian juniper (Juniperu...

Changes in Arctic sea ice since the middle of last century are explored this study. Both observations and climate model simulations show an overall expansion during 1953–1970 but a general decline afterward. Anthropogenic aerosols, nature forcing atmospheric ozone changes found to contribute early period. Their effects strong generally late boreal summer. On other hand, greenhouse gas warming h...

since the second half of the first century ad onward, varicus verbal sects and religions began to flourish. one of the currents, thought was mutazelie that there was no desirable relations with shia until the middle of third century ad. therefore, at this point of times many leaders of two groups wrote so many refutuation in the case of each other, that their purpose of this action was to defen...

This report covers the eighth Workshop on Component-Oriented Programming (WCOP). WCOP has been affiliated with ECOOP since its inception in 1996. The report summarizes the contributions made by authors of accepted position papers as well as those made by all attendees of the workshop sessions.