regulation is a modern concept which has emerged out of and evolved in the context of economic development in general and the relationship between market and government in particular. it signifies a different meaning with the past. even nowadays we are faced with various meanings of regulation within the economic legal systems; meanings that have moved away from its early definition, and hence,...

While there is no consensus about the history of time since the beginning, in this paper I will discuss some possibilities. We have a pretty clear picture of cosmic history from the electroweak phase transition through the time of recombination, a period which includes the QCD phase transition and big bang nucleosynthesis. This paper includes a quantitative discussion of the age of the universe...

the welfare policies and programs in the iran had started to establish modern state in iran since 1925.this paper deals with the relation between oil revenues and social welfare in iran before 1978(1357) revolution. why developmental activities within welfare policies and programs couldn’t maintain their stability and continuity? the bureaucrats and redefined groups were became the main target ...

Censorship has a long history in Iran that has interfered with text production, i.e., original writing as well as translation. This phenomenon seems to have marked the borderline between the government and the ‘enlightened’ intellectuals throughout history in Iran. Different governments have delineated ‘redlines’ for authors and translators and dealt with these constructors of culture based on ...

since language finds bureaucracy a kind of abuse by the public servants of the language and bureaucracy is considered by nature as a controversial speech, no desirable aspects could be found for it and no suitable model could be presented for a relatively negative phenomenon. that is why it is better to use the term 'post - bureaucratic language' instead of the phrase 'suitable m...

medicines constitute a substantial proportion of out-of-pocket (oop) expenses in indian households. in order to address this issue, the government of india launched the jan aushadhi (medicine for the masses) scheme (jas) to provide cheap generic medicines to the patients (http://janaushadhi.gov.in/about_jan_aushadhi.html). these medicines are provided through the jan aushadhi stores established...

Since 1990s, Information Technology has developed at speed. With the development of IT and Internet, E-Government affair has become the focus of every government. As an important part of E-Government Affair, E-Government Procurement has a great influence on the development of economy. Based on the situation of Government Procurement of China, this paper states the importance of benefit evaluati...

abstract government size plays a vital role in the economic development process. therefore, in this study, the existence of a non-linear relationship between government size and economic growth was investigated using the two-sector production function developed by ram (1986). the data, covering 44 years (1961-2005), were collected from the iranian economic information center. two classification...

Government reform is not only the current and important issues of public concern, but also a common task that most countries must face. Based on the study of objectives, contents and characteristics of government reform in various stages in China since the reform and opening-up, this article focuses on the analysis of the essentials, characteristics and implications of government reform. The mi...