In their interesting paper, Valverde and colleagues (Valverde et al., 2014) have proposed a new method for filling white matter lesions to reduce their impact on brain tissue classification and compared it with several other available tools/approaches. This comparison aimed at including a method we previously presented at the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis m...

1 Leung RS, Bradley DT. Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:2147– 2165 2 Shahar E, Whitney CW, Redline S, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular diseases: cross sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:19–25 3 Nieto FJ, Young TB, Lind BK, et al. Association of sleepdisordered breathing, sleep apn...

Adult seabirds experience predation by many species. At sea, they are taken by predatory fish such as white sharks Carcharodon carcharias (Johnson et al. 2006), and by marine mammals including killer whales Orca orcinus (Dahleim & White 2010), true seals (Penny & Lowry 1967, Cobley & Bell 1998), fur-seals and sealions (McHugh 1952, Long & Gilbert 1997, David et al. 2003, Lalas et al. 2007, Char...

Snail1 and Zeb1 are E-cadherin-transcriptional repressors induced during epithelialmesenchymal-transition (EMT). In this article we have analyzed the factors controlling Zeb1 expression during EMT. In NMuMG cells treated with TGF-β, Snail1 RNA and protein are induced one hour after addition of the cytokine preceeding Zeb1 up-regulation that requires six to eight hours. Zeb1 gene expression is c...

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We investigated the renal response to direct renal nerve stimulation, 2 weeks following reversal of 24-hr unilateral (left) ureteric obstruction. Renal nerve stimulation caused a 13-15% fall in renal blood flow, in 4 groups of anaesthetised rats following ureteric obstruction (n=9) or a sham operation (n=7) both with (n=9) and without (n=7) treatment with the mixed ETA/B receptor antagonist, bo...

We thank Schimek for his thoughtful letter. We agree that the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) encourages bike paths; however, AASHTO’s definition of a bike path is a shared use path for pedestrians, skaters, wheelchair users, joggers, and other nonmotorized users. AASHTO discourages bicycle-only cycle tracks because, as noted by Schimek, AASHTO discou...

Related Astro2010 white papers: J. Cordes et al., Tests of Gravity and Neutron Star Properties from Precision Pulsar Timing and Interferometry P. Freire et al., Constraining the Bulk Properties of Dense Matter by Measuring Millisecond Pulsar Masses D. Lai et al., Extreme Astrophysics with Neutron Stars F. Paerels et al., The Behavior of Matter Under Extreme Conditions J. Tomsick et al., X-ray T...