In order to minimize the impact of systemic toxicity of drugs in the treatment of local acute and chronic inflammatory reactions, the achievement of reliable and efficient delivery of therapeutics in/through the skin is highly recommended. While the use of nanoparticles is now an established practice for drug intravenous targeted delivery, their transdermal penetration is still poorly understoo...

Microneedles (MNs) have been shown to enhance the penetration depths of microparticles delivered by gene gun. This study aims to investigate the penetration of model microparticle materials, namely, tungsten (<1 μm diameter) and stainless steel (18 and 30 μm diameters) into a skin mimicking agarose gel to determine the effects of particle characteristics (mainly particle size). A number of expe...

Dear Friends, We all are well known with a fact of benefits of novel topical drug delivery systems, namely avoidance of hepatic first-pass metabolism, thus improving drug bioavailability, decreasing dosing frequency, and improving patient compliance. Regardless of the enormous investigations in topical and transdermal drug delivery systems, still stratum corneum is known as a major obstacle whi...

The aim of the study was to formulate and evaluate topically applied ketoprofen gels and patches and to see the effect of naturally occurring almond oil as penetration enhancer on the penetration of ketoprofen through artificial membrane/rabbit skin. Prior to ketoprofen gel and patch formulation, the particle size and particle size determination of ketoprofen was analyzed by Particle size analy...

BACKGROUND/AIMS The skin has become very attractive as a route for drug administration. Optimization of topical drug formulations by the addition of penetration enhancers may facilitate the passage of drugs through the stratum corneum. METHODS In this paper, the skin penetration effect of phytosphingosine and 9 derived phytoceramides (PCERs) on 3 transdermal model drugs (i.e. caffeine, testos...

An antibacterial drug can exert its therapeutic action if it is present in target tissue at proper concentration. Cutaneous microdialysis is a relatively new technique, which allows to determine drug concentration in the skin. The aim of the study was to evaluate the ofloxacin concentrations in plasma and skin following a single oral dose of 0.4 g. Drug concentration in the skin was assessed by...

roteases, including cysteine-, serine-, threonine-, aspartate-, and metallo-proteases, are a group of enzymes that have the catalytic ability to hydrolyze or digest peptide bonds of proteins. Proteases play important roles in host invasion, hemoglobin degradation, transformation and immune invasion of schistosomes. The gut cathepsin B of all schistosomes including S. japonicum, S. mansoni and S...

Brucine is the active component in traditional Chinese medicine "Ma-Qian-Zi" (Strychnos nux-vomica Linn), with capabilities of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and so on. It is crucial how to break through the impact of cuticle skin which reduces the penetration of drugs to improve drug transmission rate. The aim of this study is to improve the local drug concentration by using ultrasou...

Topical ethanol is used as a dermal penetration enhancer in some commercial products. Previous studies have demonstrated that chronic ethanol consumption can also disrupt skin barrier function, leading to increased transdermal penetration. This observation becomes much more relevant if a single drinking episode induces similar changes. The purpose of this study was thus to examine the transderm...