BACKGROUND The traditional definition of an "epidemic" has been revisited by antismoking researchers. After 400 years, Doctors would have realized that one aspect of an ancient cultural daily practice of Asian and African societies was in fact a "global "epidemic"". This needed further investigation particularly if one keeps in his mind the health aspects surrounding barbecues. METHOD Here, u...

The first case of human cryptosporidiosis was reported in Korea in 1995; however, an outbreak of Cryptosporidium has not been reported in Korea until now. This paper describes the first outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Korea. On May 24, 2012, a local public health center filed a report on 126 residents with gastrointestinal symptoms in an old apartment complex in Seoul. Epidemiological investig...

The cardiovascular system is a complex arrangement of hydraulic, yet living, components. The complexity of this system may make it difficult for students to see the "forest" instead of the "trees." To better explain the dynamics of cardiovascular function and control, an analogy has been drawn to the operation of a city water supply. In cities that use a water tower, fresh water is pumped up in...

Definition Tobacco is consumed in a variety of different ways, though smoking of manufactured cigarettes is the most prevalent form of its use. The emergence of widespread cigar use particularly among adolescents of both sexes has been reported in the past decade in the US. Cigars have higher total nicotine content than cigarettes do and can deliver nicotine both through smoke and through direc...

The aim of this paper is to present a kinetic numerical scheme for the computations of transient pressurised flows in closed water pipes. Firstly, we detail the mathematical model written as a conservative hyperbolic partial differentiel system of equations, and then we recall how to obtain the corresponding kinetic formulation. Then we build the kinetic scheme ensuring an upwinding of the sour...

1) Hydraulic Analysis of the Emergency Core Spray System in a BWR The emergency spray system of a BWR delivers cold water to the core after a large-break loss of coolant accident has emptied the reactor vessel. The system comprises a large water pool, a pump, a spray nozzle and connecting pipes (Figure 1). All pipes are smooth round tubes made of stainless steel with 10 cm internal diameter. Th...

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used for direct detection of Escherichia coli on pipe surfaces and coupons in drinking water distribution networks. Old cast iron main pipes were removed from water distribution networks in France, England, Portugal, and Latvia, and E. coli was analyzed in the biofilm. In addition, 44 flat coupons made of cast iron, polyvinyl chloride, or stainless ...

Walker-Smith, J. A., and Blomfield, J. (1973). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 48, 476. Wilson's disease or chronic copper poisoning? The case history is given of a child who presented at 14 months with ascites and was found to have severe micronodular cirrhosis with biochemical evidence of Wilson's disease, but in view of the severity of the pathology and early age of presentation, the possi...