We calculate the effects of conduction band electrons (CBEs), introduced by doping or photoexcitation, on ferroelectricity and phonon dynamics ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ (BTO). show that CBEs destabilize ferroelectricity, which would lower Curie temperature coercive field, might help to improve speed efficiency with polarization domains can be switched in ferroelectric devices. frequencies ${A}_{1}...

A soft-x-ray Mach-Zehnder interferometer configuration that makes use of the time delay introduced by diffraction gratings to conduct single-shot measurements of the linewidth of soft-x-ray laser amplifiers is proposed and analyzed. The scheme was experimentally demonstrated in the near-IR region of the spectrum by measurement of the mode separation of a semiconductor laser. A symmetric configu...

Temporal and spectral analyses from BeppoSAX observations of AM Her performed during both an intermediate and a high state are presented and discussed. Optical observations taken a few days after the X–ray ones are also presented. During the intermediate state observation, the source was in its “normal”, one–pole accretion mode. In the high state it switched to an hitherto unobserved atypical ”...

Using the push-out test, this study evaluated the bond strength of the composite resin Z250 (3M/ESPE) photoactivated with the XL2500 (3M/ESPE) quartz-tungsten-halogen light-curing unit with different curing protocols: soft-start (150 mW/cm² for 2 s (S2), 3 s (S3), 5 s (S5), 10 s (S10) or 15 s (S15), followed by 700 mW/cm² for 15 s; pulse-delay (150 mW/cm² for 2 s (P2), 3 s (P3), 5 s (P5), 10 s ...

We present and examine two cases of the dramatic hemostasis with SOFT COAG in general thoracic surgery. SOFT COAG is a coagulation mode unique to VIO electrosurgical units (ERBE Elektromedizin GmbH, Germany). This system regulates the temperature rise below boiling point without generating sparks, which is high enough to denature protein. In addition to clinical applications, this coagulation s...

We investigate the soft elastic modes of smectic elastomers, that is shape change without energy cost. We use a microscopic model for their nonlinear elasticity, similar to those used for nematic elastomers. We consider two different phases of smectic elastomer; the biaxial smectic A for a simple illustration, and smectic C phases which are of great practical significance. We show that only one...