tunnelling through cities underlain by soft soil, commonly associated with soil movement around the tunnels and subsequent surface settlement. the predication of ground movement during the tunnelling and optimum support pressure could be based on analytical, empirical or the numerical methods. the commonly used earth pressure balance (epb) tunneling machines, uses the excavated soil in a pressu...

in this work, we define fuzzy soft ($fs$) matrices and theiroperations which are more functional to make theoretical studies inthe $fs$-set theory. we then define products of $fs$-matrices andstudy their properties. we finally construct a $fs$-$max$-$min$decision making method which can be successfully applied to theproblems that contain uncertainties.

Introduction: Among soil species earthworms are ubiquitous, abundant and important for soil processes, constituting the largest terrestrial faunal biomass and are also impacted by soil pollutants. The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in earthworm biomass and behavior could serve as a good indicator for copper toxicity in soil systems. Another aim of the study was t...

Soil respiration inherently shows strong spatial variability. It is difficult to obtain an accurate characterization of soil respiration with an insufficient number of monitoring points. However, it is expensive and cumbersome to deploy many sensors. To solve this problem, we proposed employing the Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) algorithm, using soil temperature as auxiliary information, to stu...

an object $x$ of a category $mathbf{c}$ with finite limits is called exponentiable if the functor $-times x:mathbf{c}rightarrow mathbf{c}$ has a right adjoint. there are many characterizations of the exponentiable  spaces in the category $mathbf{top}$ of topological spaces. here, we study the exponentiable objects in the category $mathbf{stop}$ of soft topological spaces which is a generalizati...