background: the h9n2 subtype of influenza a viruses is considered to be widespread in poultry industry. adamantane is a group of antiviral agents which is effective both in prevention and treatment of influenza a virus infections. these drugs inhibit m2 protein ion channel which has role on viral replication. objectives: the main objective of this study is to evaluate m gene of avian influenza ...

Enterococci are important because of their role as the leading cause of nosocomial infections which have a significant role in the dissemination and persistence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Methods: In this study, we determined the distribution of enterococcal species in the sewage treatment plants in Iran. Furthermore, we improved a rapid and specific PCR method using primers (sodA and ...

background: the emergence and spread of chloroquine resistant plasmodium falciparum in the world stimulated some investigators to consider different aspects of chloroquine resistance in human and rodent plasmodia . using animal plasmo­dia , particularly primate and rodent plasmodia can be useful model for human plasmodia studies. in this study we have tried to consider and compare the sequence ...

conclusions it seems that besides the variety and prevalence of blatem and blactx, enormous mechanisms such as porin and leaking systems (efflux pumps) are responsible for the information of the a. baumannii resistance to disinfectants. the study on an accurate consideration of the resistance in strains and other microorganisms is advised. results in the current study, 131 a. baumannii isolates...

conclusion these data show that the identified gene encoded tet resistance gene as mfs–type multi-substrate efflux transporter, which contributes to intrinsic resistance on range of structurally unrelated compounds in salmonella species. background tetracyclines (tcs) are a type of broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics used for treatment of a wide variety of infections. these antibiotics ev...

objective: methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. aminoglycosides are potent bactericidal agents that are often used in combination with either a β-lactam or a glycopeptide, especially in the treatment of staphylococcal endocarditis. the main mechanism of aminoglycoside resistance in staphylococci is drug inactivation by cel...

race-specific resistance of wheat to yellow rust caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici has been reported as short-lived. partial resistance, a kind of quantitative resistance, has been reported to be more stable. partial resistance in terms of slow rusting parameters including final rust severity (frs), apparent infection rate (r), relative area under disease progress curve (raudpc), an...