The motion of spectator quarks in decay of a beauty hadron is a nonperturbative effect which can usually be neglected. We find that the motion in some decay channels, which contribute total decay widths of beauty hadrons, can not be neglected. The contributions from these decay channels to decay widths are proportional to certain averages of the squared inverse of the momentum carried by a spec...

The influence of spectator ligand bite angle and the twist angle of the carbene on the reductive elimination of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) from palladium bis-phosphine complexes has been investigated using density functional theory. The spectator bite angle was found to have a significant influence on both the activation energy (E(act)) and the enthalpy of reaction. Widening of the bite ang...

The addition of Ph(2)Zn to aldehydes has been investigated by DFT calculations. The experimentally observed increase in enantioselectivity upon addition of Et(2)Zn to the reaction mixture is rationalized from calculations of all isomeric transition states. Spectator ethyl groups in the transition state do not lower the intrinsic activation barrier, but instead increase it. In the presence of a ...

Following atomic photoionization, the abrupt change in potential can lead to secondary ionization of an outer-shell electron in a phenomenon known as shake-off, a process which gives rise to the asymmetric Kα profile and satellite lines. Investigation of chemical effects and relativistic quantum mechanics requires a theoretical determination of these satellite intensities; however, existing the...

We consider nonleptonic B decays into two light mesons at leading order in softcollinear effective theory, and show that the decay amplitudes are factorized to all orders in αs. The operators for nonleptonic B decays in the full theory are first matched to the operators in SCETI, which is the effective theory appropriate for √ mbΛ < μ < mb with Λ ∼ 0.5 GeV. We evolve the operators and the relev...

I n The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776, Adam Smith famously argued that economic behavior was motivated by self-interest. But 17 years earlier in 1759, Smith had proposed a theory of human behavior that looks anything but selfinterested. In his first book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith argued that behavior was determined by the struggle between what Smith termed the “passions” and...

This paper discusses the role and significance of a body in Performance Art. Considering that Art reflects social, cultural and sometimes political realities, we identify types of messages that an artwork using advanced technological might transmit to us, spectators or artists. This paper focusses on the Cyborg Theatre, whereby the technology is its inherent element without which the performanc...