Meloidogyne incognita egg masses were immersed in different concentrations of six volaule fatty acids to bioassay their toxic effect on embryonic development and hatching. Exposure to a 250 ppm aqueous solution of volatile fatty, acids completely suppressed egg hatching within 48 hours. When exposed to a 125 ppm concentration hatching was reduced 75 % by acetic acid, 91% by propionic acid, 23% ...

The optimum dose of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to produce gynogenetic Caspian salmon, Salmo trutta caspius, with emphasis on the "Hertwig effect" and photoreactivation (PR) were investigated. The sperm of Caspian salmon was irradiated with UV at 2010 ? 200 ?w.cm-2 in different times including 0, 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 35 and 45 min and was allowed to fertilize normal ova; the fertilizati...

Simulated exposure therapy for spider phobia served as a clinically naturalistic model to study effects of sleep on extinction. Spider-fearing, young adult women (N = 66), instrumented for skin conductance response (SCR), heart rate acceleration (HRA) and corrugator electromyography (EMG), viewed 14 identical 1-min videos of a behaving spider before a 12-hr delay containing a normal night's Sle...

Arthropods, vertebrates, and annelids all have a segmented body. Our recent discovery of involvement of Notch-signalling in spider segmentation revived the discussion on the origin of segmented body plans and suggests the sharing of a common genetic program in a common ancestor. Here, we analysed the spider homologues of the Suppressor of Hairless and Presenilin genes, which encode components o...

When asking spider-phobic individuals what they find most frightening about spiders, many report spiders’ unique movement characteristics. Here, we experimentally tested whether spider-specific movements are indeed a major cue in triggering spider fear. One-hundred-and-twenty participants (55 spider-fearful) viewed realistic 3D-animated videos of spiders and ladybugs moving on different paths w...

R spider is a web-based tool for the analysis of a gene list using the systematic knowledge of core pathways and reactions in human biology accumulated in the Reactome and KEGG databases. R spider implements a network-based statistical framework, which provides a global understanding of gene relations in the supplied gene list, and fully exploits the Reactome and KEGG knowledge bases. R spider ...

Experiments were carried out to determine the strain energy capacity and breaking strain of spider drag-line silk. These properties are discussed in terms of a mathematical model of a spider falling on a drag-line. It was found that the strain energy capacity of the drag-line was insufficient to absorb the potential energy lost by a falling spider and that in order to avoid failure of the drag-...

In this paper, we introduce a new method for hatching patient-specific, anatomic 3D surface models, in particular hatching of muscle surfaces. However, the method is transferable to other structures, e. g., vessels. Since 3D surface models are extracted from binary segmentation masks, the curvature orientation is rough and noisy and the final hatching direction is falsified. The goal of this wo...

Reacting to a threat before physical contact, e.g., induced by air- or water-borne substances, appears to be an elegant way of defense. The reaction may be behavioral, developmental, morphological, or physiological, and it can involve a shift in niche or life history. Hatching from eggs is a shift in niche and in life history. From niche shift and life history models, one would predict that the...

An antibody that recognizes tyrosine hydroxylase can be used as a marker for hatching gland cells in Xenopus embryos. Using this marker, we have shown that hatching gland cells are induced at the end of gastrulation and that presumptive hatching gland cells are localized to the anterior neural folds in Xenopus. The movements of neurulation bring the hatching gland cells together to form a chara...