The annulus fibrosus is the primary load-bearing component of the intervertebral disc responsible for proper transfer of loads in the spine. The aim of this study was to determine selected mechanical parameters of multilayer specimens of the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc during uniaxial tensile loading. The anatomical location (anterior/posterior) of the test specimens of the annu...

OBJECTIVE To develop a new method to describe cervical spine curvature and evaluate the potential for injury in the upper and lower cervical spine during simulated whiplash. DESIGN A method was developed to integrate the upper and lower cervical spine rotations and describe the spine curvature. BACKGROUND In vivo and in vitro whiplash simulations have documented the development of an S-shap...

INTRODUCTION In Western Africa, women continue performing heavy physical work that includes carrying loads on their heads for domestic and commercial tasks during pregnancy. Due to important anatomical changes such as a higher trunk mass and stretching of the abdominal muscles, the loads on the spine and lower extremities may increase during lifting/lowering tasks. Pregnant women may adapt to t...

background: osteoporosis is a preventable and treatable disorder, reported with higher prevalence patients with ulcerative colitis but their relationship is controversial. osteoporosis in these patients may be attributes to corticosteroid use, malnutrition and reduced intake of calcium and vitamin d, lower levels of sex hormones, chronic inflammation and inflammatory cytokines. the aim of study...

background: the cervical spine is the most vulnerable part of the vertebral column and the rotational movements are the most dangerous movements which may cause damages to cervical spine. a good treatment option for the cervical disc disease is the replacement of a damaged disc with an artificial disc that has shown satisfactory clinical results. methods: the c4 to c6 vertebrae of a normal subj...

in thoracolumbar spinal fractures with posterior column injury for applying proper management, it is important to distinguish a flexion-distraction injury (fdi) from a three column burst fracture (bf) as in clinical examination, both may have a similar significant tenderness on direct spinal palpation. careful attention to the comprehensive clinical examination and detailed imaging features are...

background: forward head posture (fhp) is recognized as a common postural disorder of modern societies. increase in anterior cervical convexity and anterior displacement of the line of gravity of head in individuals with fhp is assumed to result in altered moment arms and muscle activity on cervical spine. measurement of muscle thickness seems to be an appropriate index for muscle activity. thi...

Osteoporosis has become a major medical problem as the aged population of the world rapidly grows. Osteoporosis predisposes patients to fracture, progressive spinal deformities, and stenosis, and is subject to be a major concern before performing spine surgery, especially with bone fusions and instrumentation. Osteoporosis has often been considered a contraindication for spinal surgery, while i...