INTRODUCTION Methemoglobinemia is a recognized complication of the use of topical anesthetic sprays. The true scope of the problem or the risk with different topical anesthetic sprays and endoscopic procedures is unknown. METHODS We retrospectively identified all cases of methemoglobinemia that occurred in a university affiliated community hospital from 2001 to 2007. RESULTS Eleven cases of...

The inhalation therapy is a cornerstone in asthma treatment. A disease characterized by episodes of wheezing, breathing difficulties, chest tightness and coughing. Essentially it is a chronic inflammatory disorder associated with airway hyper responsiveness [1]. This disease already affects over 300 million people worldwide, growing at a rate of 50% per decade, and causes the death of 220 thous...

Production of soot in high pressure diesel sprays is known to be dependent on combustion chamber temperature and pressure. To a lesser extent, the injector type and injection pressure also influence soot formation. In real engines, separating the individual role of these parameters is difficult as they are closely coupled. Here we present an optically based method to measure both temperature an...

Rhinitis affects millions of people around the world, places a huge burden on the economy and reduces patients' health-related quality of life. Azelastine nasal spray is a second-generation antihistamine, indicated for the treatment of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in both adults and children. It offers a rapid onset of action (15 min) and flexibility of both dose (i.e., one or two sprays/n...

1. Permethrin is a type I synthetic pyrethroid. It is an ester of the dichloro-analogue of chrysanthemic acid, and 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol. Permethrin used in veterinary medicines is a mixture of four stereoisomers of the configuration ( [1R,trans], [1R,cis], [1S,trans] and [1S,cis]. The optical ratio of 1R:1S is 1:1 (racemic). Permethrin used in veterinary medicinal products is in the form of ...

Calcium is an essential element and imparts significant structural rigidity to the plant cell walls, which provide the main mechanical support to the entire plant. In order to increase the mechanical strength of the inflorescence stems of herbaceous peony, the stems are treated with calcium chloride. The results shows that preharvest sprays with 4% (w/v) calcium chloride three times after bud e...