M edicare spending on medical imaging services reached $14 billion in 2006, more than double the 2000 spending, according to a report from the Government Accountability Office (GAO) released in June. The GAO also found that the proportion of spending on imaging services performed in physician offices rose from 58% to 64%, whereas the proportion of spending on imaging performed in hospitals drop...

This paper describes the Ring Spur Assignment Problem (RSAP), an interesting new problem arising in the design of Next Generation Networks. We describe the problem, position it in relation to problems previously addressed in the literature and give an IP model suitable for solving small problem instances. We outline a cutting plane algorithm for larger problem instances and present some computa...

river banks are exposed to bank erosion and destruction. one of the river engineering goals is to provide human life requirements and reduce river danger. so spreading extent of this phenomenon, whose risk and other important factors must be recognized. using groins is one of the control ways that by accurate design and accurate performance, bank erosion control and field reclamation would be p...

In order to make progress on Intelligent Tutoring in ill-defined domains it is helpful to start with a definition. In this paper we consider the existing definitions and select one for the basis of our discussion. We then summarize some of the more salient characteristics of ill-defined domains from a tutoring standpoint and some human and ITS strategies that have been employed to cope with the...

Observation of a clinical event can spur reflective thinking on its source. In pharmacology, adverse events are examples of observations for which deriving the cause is important. Moving from observation to mechanistic understanding requires the use of tools that explicitly delineate biological systems, mode of action, and disease pathophysiology. By expanding understanding of biological factor...

EGFR inhibitors spur tumor cells to express CD61 and become more stem cell-like. A combination treatment that includes bortezomib might reverse these changes.

Sport fandom has received considerable attention from social scientists, yet few have considered it from an evolutionary perspective. To redress this gap, we develop the hypothesis that team sports exhibit characteristics that activate mechanisms which evolved to facilitate the development of coalitions in the context of small-scale warfare. Based on this by-product hypothesis, we predicted a c...

The claim has often been made that it is through writing, in particular, that we exploit the full potential of literacy, using it, as Bruner put it, as a technology for the empowerment of mind. Because of the need to make the meaning of our text clear and explicit for an audience who will have no other access to our thinking, we have a strong incentive to try to become clear for ourselves about...