Background: Melanoma causes the greatest morbidity and mortality of all skin cancers. Mucosal melanoma is a rare but highly aggressive neoplasm. According to previous studies the prevalence of KIT mutations in acrallentiginous and mucosal melanomas is relatively low (less than 15–20%), but it can have profound therapeutic implications for localized high risk or metastatic diseases. Our goal w...

Drought stress is one of the important factors that restrict crop production in the world. This study was conducted to investigate defense gene expression in response to drought stress, and also to evaluate the drought tolerance and its mechanism in rice cultivars based on randomized complete block design in two separate environments (drought stress and non-stress). The rice cultivars used incl...

Objective(s): Here we investigated the regulation of Th17 and Treg cells in orthodontic tooth movement during periodontal inflammation.Materials and Methods: Fifty-six SD rats were divided into a control (24 rats) and a tooth movement group during the recovery stage of periodontitis (RM group, 32 rats). Periodontitis was established by s...

Untreated HIV-1 infection progresses through acute and asymptomatic stages to AIDS. Although each of the three stages has well-known clinical, virologic, and immunologic characteristics, much less is known of the molecular mechanisms underlying each stage. In this study, we report lymphatic tissue microarray analyses, revealing for the first time stage-specific patterns of gene expression durin...

The E2 protein is expressed in the early stage of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection that is associated with cervical lesions. This protein plays important roles in regulation of viral replication and transcription. To characterize the role of E2 protein in modulation of cellular gene expression in HPV infected cells, genome-wide expression profiling of human primary keratinocytes (HPK) harbo...

Sry is the only gene on the Y chromosome that is required for testis formation in mammals. One of the earliest morphological changes that occurs as a result of Sry expression is a size increase of the rudimentary XY gonad relative to the XX gonad. Using 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation to label dividing cells, we found that the size increase corresponds with a dramatic increase in ...

We describe a system that automatically extracts biological events from biomedical journal articles, and translates those events into Biological Expression Language (BEL) statements. The system incorporates existing text mining components for coreference resolution, biological event extraction and a previously formally untested strategy for BEL statement generation. Although addressing the BEL ...

The extracytoplasmic functioning sigma factor σ(E) is known to play an essential role for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to survive and proliferate in macrophages and mice. However, its regulatory network is not well-characterized, especially during infection. Here we used microarray to identify genes regulated by σ(E) in Salmonella grown in three conditions: a nutrient-rich condition ...

Recent evidence suggests that cell-to-cell difference at the gene expression level is an order of magnitude greater than previously thought even for isogenic bacterial populations. Such gene expression heterogeneity determines the fate of individual bacterial cells in populations and could also affect the ultimate fate of populations themselves. To quantify the heterogeneity and its biological ...

The domestication of cultivated barley has been used as a model system for studying the origins and early spread of agrarian culture. Our previous results indicated that the Tibetan Plateau and its vicinity is one of the centers of domestication of cultivated barley. Here we reveal multiple origins of domesticated barley using transcriptome profiling of cultivated and wild-barley genotypes. App...