Abstract Context Forest microclimate influences biodiversity and plays a crucial role in regulating forest ecosystem functions. It is modified by management as result of changes structure due to tree harvesting thinning. Objectives Here, we investigate the impacts even-aged uneven-aged on stand- landscape-level heterogeneity microclimates, comparison with unmanaged, old-growth European beech fo...

To quantify the effects of crown thinning on the water balance and growth of the stand and to analyze the ecophysiological modifications induced by canopy opening on individual tree water relations, we conducted a thinning experiment in a 43-year-old Quercus petraea stand by removing trees from the upper canopy level. Soil water content, rainfall interception, sap flow, leaf water potential and...

Climate change affects forest resource availability, growing season length, and thus biomass accumulation. However, only a limited number of studies have been conducted on management based climate effects, particularly at the stand-level. Thus, an allometric equation conventional climate-based stand models, was developed compared for larch trees (Larix spp.). A total 160 experimental plots plan...

European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) is a tree species widely distributed in Europe and the Asian part of Near East. However, since not very attractive for commercial purposes, scientific interest this has been rather sparse. Our study focused on dense young (up to 10 years old) stands originating from natural regeneration seeds Slovakia because future importance may increase due climate cha...

During an energy conversion process, the total harmonic distortion and losses will increase while its power stability decreases. Multilevel inverter technology can be utilized to alleviate shortcomings of conventional inverters. These technologies have become recognized as cost-effective solutions for a wide range industrial applica-tions. Reduced component lower switching losses, well improved...