As lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells degrade over time and usage, it is crucial to understand their remaining capacity, also known as State of Health (SoH), inconsistencies between in a pack, cell-to-cell variation (CtCV), appropriately operate maintain LIB packs. This study outlines efforts model pack SoH CtCV nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) packs consisting four series...