A total of 47 genera, in 80 species, of Mississippian, or Lower Carboniferous, crinoids are evaluated from 61 localities in Scotland based on a modern update of the literature, study of museum collections, and new field work. Among the 80 species, 76 are considered valid, with eight requiring new combinations of genus and species names. In addition, one species is considered a nomen dubium, and...

the extent of “benefits”, as the subject of khums, is one of the controversial discourses among the imāmī jurists, which is of great importance because of its applicability. the “acquired benefits” and “benefits in general” are the two significant views in the discourses concerning khums. in this research, the evidences for any of these two views are critically reviewed. for the first view, two...