The demand is rising for desalination technologies to treat highly saline brines arising from hydraulic fracturing processes and inland desalination. Interest is growing in the use of electrical desalination technologies for this application. The hybridization of electrodialysis (ED) with reverse osmosis (RO) allows high salinities (beyond the range of RO alone) to be reached while avoiding the...

—The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) is recovering from near extirpation throughout much of its range. Although reintroductions, trapping regulations and habitat improvements have led to the reestablishment of river otters in the Midwest, little is known about how their distribution is influenced by localand landscape-scale habitat. We conducted river otter sign surveys from Jan....

Subarctic Siberian freshwater ecosystems are unique due to severe climatic conditions and strong seasonal changes of water supply, temperature and nutrient availability. In this work we evaluated the relative influence of the illumination level linked with the diurnal cycle, local environmental heterogeneity and water level changes during the receding flood on the distribution and migrations of...

A laboratory stream experiment was performed to test the influence of young-ofthe-year Atlantic salmon Salmo Salar density on habitat selection (i.e. pools and riffles) and the combined effect of habitat and density on territoriality. Pools were preferred at low and medium fish density. At higher density, the saturation of the riffles led to an equal fish repartition in both habitats. Aggressiv...

Author details Centre for Health Communication and Participation, Australian Institute for Primary Care & Ageing, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia. Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, PO Box 7004, St. Olavs plass, N-0130, Oslo, Norway. Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa. International Union for Health...

While the prevalence of density-dependence is well-established in population ecology, few field studies have investigated its underlying mechanisms and their relative population-level importance. Here, we address these issues, and more specifically, how differences in body-size influence population regulation. For this purpose, two experiments were performed in a small coastal stream on the Swe...

In organisms with flexible and indeterminate growth, demographic density dependence can affect both individual fitness and population dynamics. Recent work in stream salmonids suggests that individual growth rates can be depressed even at low population densities, which warrants examination of populations previously assumed to be below carrying capacity. We investigated the effects of populatio...