In this paper we solve a long-standing open problem by showing that strict superposition|that is, superposition without equality factoring|is refutationally complete. The diiculty of the problem arises from the fact that the strict calculus, in contrast to the standard calculus with equality factoring, is not compatible with arbitrary removal of tautologies, so that the usual techniques for pro...

An asymmetric multivariate generalization of the recently proposed class of normal mixture GARCH models is developed. Issues of parametrization and estimation are discussed. Conditions for covariance stationarity and the existence of the fourth moment are derived, and expressions for the dynamic correlation structure of the process are provided. In an application to stock market returns, it is ...

This paper proposes a logic that is specially designed to deal with rules and the reasons based on them. Although the logic is inspired by characteristics of legal reasoning, it aspires to be suitable for dealing with other kinds of rule guided reasoning as well. It is characteristic for this logic that rules are treated as individuals rather than as conditionals, and that application of a rule...

strict liability is the result of philosophical ideas of lawyers in front of developments in human knowledge and complexity of social relationships. strict liability the main aim is facilitation of victim's compensation, so the proof of fault is not necessary and causation is sufficient. this type of liability is justified by various foundations of economics, society and morality. in the b...

purpose: to report a case who had optic disc duplication, a rare congenital disorder characterized by two well-defined discs in one eye. case report: a 19 months-old child presented with unilateral epiphora in the right eye since birthday. the right eye was smaller than the left eye and mild ptosis was apparent. nasolacrimal duct probing was performed under general anesthesia. the examination r...

Non-strict don't care functions, whose foremost representative is the ubiquitous if then else, play an essential role in computer science. As far as the semantics is concerned, they can be modelled by their totalizations with the appropriate use of elements representing undeenedness, as D. Scott has shown in his denotational approach. The situation is not so straightforward when we consider non...