Meltwater discharge and electrical conductivity were measured in eight 1 3 1 m lysimeters, and snow accumulation and electrical conductivity of melted samples were measured in snow pits during four snowmelt seasons at Mammoth Mountain, California. The peak snow-water equivalent ranged from 0.57 to 2.92 m over the four melt seasons. Lysimeter discharges ranged from 20% to 205% of the mean flow; ...

Disinhibition of the cortex (e.g., by GABA -receptor blockade) generates synchronous and oscillatory electrophysiological activity that propagates along the cortex. We have studied, in brain slices of the cingulate cortex of mice (postnatal age 14-20 days), the propagation along layer 2/3 as well as the interhemispheric propagation through the corpus callosum of synchronous discharges recorded ...

We have studied the role of the temporal correlation of multiple cell discharges in the facilitation of the somatosensory information transmission from the gracilis nucleus to the primary somatosensory (SI) cortex in anesthetized rats. Pairs of gracilis neurons or gracilis-SI cortical neurons were recorded during application of 20-ms tactile stimuli in control conditions and after electrical co...

[1] The source of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) has been an active area of research since their discovery by Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory/Burst and Transient Source Experiment in 1994. These intense bursts of gamma rays originate within thunderclouds via the rapid production of relativistic runaway electrons, accelerated by thundercloud/lightning electric fields to multi-MeV energies. R...

Interictal and ictal discharges represent two different forms of abnormal brain activity associated with epilepsy. Ictal discharges closely parallel seizure activity, but depending on the form of epilepsy, interictal discharges may or may not be correlated with the frequency, severity, and location of seizures. Recent voltage-imaging studies in slices of piriform cortex indicated that intericta...

OBJECTIVE Epilepsy is a disease characterized by chronic seizures, but is associated with significant comorbidities between seizures including cognitive impairments, hyperactivity, and depression. To study this interictal state, we characterized the electrical, molecular, and behavior effects of chronic, neocortical interictal spiking in rats. METHODS A single injection of tetanus toxin into ...

A theory developed by scientists to study nitrogen oxides, NOx, production by solar proton events shows that the NOx production rate is approximately equal to the rate of production of ion pairs during the proton impact. Since the bulk of ionization in such events is produced by secondary electron impacts, the same concept is used here to study the NOx production in low pressure discharges, cor...

Electric communication has evolved in certain fishes for the purpose of identification, for forming or maintaining social relationships, and for synchronizing behavior. Relatively little is known regarding this communication channel. Among several distantly related groups of fishes, electric signals originate in specialized electric organs, are transmitted as electric currents in water, and are...

BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac complication of hyperthyroidism. The influence of the time of cardioversion on hyperthyroidism-induced AF remains unclear. The aim of this study was to compare short-term outcomes of early electrical cardioversion for AF in hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixty-seven subjects with persistent AF (duration, ...

A molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectrometer, designed for the study of chemical reactions within electrical discharges, is described in detail. Applications include the production of carbonyl fluoride, ketene, acetic acid, and difluorocarbene. For the production of carbonyl fluoride and ketene with 1,1-difluoroethylene and carbon dioxide as precursor molecules a reaction path via ...