Scour around hydraulic structures is an inevitable phenomenon . Recognition of this phenomenon and dealing with it is an issue considering which will ensure the project success . Local scour at piers has been reported as the most important factor in the destruction of the bridges . The use of submerged and non-submerged piles is one of the scour control methods . Submerged piles have been rarel...

Frogs (Rana temporaria) were submerged at 3 degrees C in either normoxic (P(O2)=155 mmHg, P(O2)=20 kPa) or hypoxic (P(O2)=60 mmHg; P(O2)=8 kPa) water for up to 16 weeks, and denied air access, to mimic the conditions of an ice-covered pond during the winter. The activity of the skeletal muscle Na(+)/K(+) pump over the first 2 months of hibernation, measured by ouabain-inhibitable (22)Na(+) effl...

Organic acids are critical as secondary metabolites for plant adaption in a stressful situation. Oxalic acid, tartaric and malic acid can improve tolerance under waterlogged conditions. Two prominent woody species (Taxodium distichum-Swamp cypress Salix matsudana-Chinese willow) have been experiencing long-term winter submergence summer drought the Three Gorges Reservoir. The objectives of pres...

Leaf senescence is a natural age-dependent process that is induced prematurely by various environmental stresses. Typical alterations during leaf senescence include breakdown of chlorophyll, a shift to catabolism of energy reserves, and induction of senescence-associated genes, all of which can occur during submergence, drought, and constant darkness. Here, we evaluated the influence of the sub...

Saline water intrusion into freshwater aquifers is a major geohydraulic problem relevant to coastal environment. Apart from contaminating the fresh groundwater resources, saltwater alters geotechnical properties of aquifer materials, affecting resource planning and management. The present study focuses on an in-depth laboratory investigation influence submergence sand. fine sand sample was subm...