Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (n-TiO2) are common ingredients of sunscreens and often released into surface waters during usage. Once released, the chemistry n-TiO2 changes by interacting with dissolved organic matter (DOM). In previous studies, these interactions were investigated using model and; therefore, do not account for complex composition coating aged in sunscreens. Taking advantage a...

Polymorphic light eruption (PLE), with an overall prevalence of 10-20%, is mainly provoked by ultraviolet A (UVA) (320-400 nm) and to a lesser degree by UVB (280-320 nm). The most effective prophylaxis of PLE, application of UV protection clothing, is not feasible for all sun-exposed areas of the skin and UV-hardening is time-consuming and may be associated with side-effects. Most sunscreens pr...

Background: This article presents an exploratory study, aiming to explore the correspondence between knowledge, motivation and sun-protection practices during holidays. Methods: Seventeen participants aged 21-62 years old, recruited from community settings took part in individual face-to-face semi-structured interviews, completed sun sensitivity questions and an objective assessment of sunscree...

It is well established that sun exposure is the main cause for the development of skin cancer. Chronic continuous UV radiation is believed to induce malignant melanoma, whereas intermittent high-dose UV exposure contributes to the occurrence of actinic keratosis as precursor lesions of squamous cell carcinoma as well as basal cell carcinoma. Not only photocarcinogenesis but also the mechanisms ...

BACKGROUND More than 2 million cases of skin cancer are diagnosed annually in the United States, and melanoma incidence is increasing. PURPOSE To assist the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force in updating its 2003 recommendation on behavioral counseling to prevent skin cancer. DATA SOURCES Existing systematic reviews, database searches through February 2010, and outside experts. STUDY SEL...

The exposure of skin to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation has a destructive effect on keratinocytes by causing DNA damage that can subsequently lead to malignant transformation. Cellular defense mechanisms against this injury begin with the immediate UVB-induced death of damaged cells. In less severely affected cells, cell-cycle progression can be blocked and DNA damage can be repaired through nucl...

Following exposure to long-wavelength ultraviolet radiation (UVA), some cyanobacteria produce the indole-alkaloid sunscreen scytonemin. The genomic region associated with scytonemin biosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme includes 18 cotranscribed genes. A two-component regulatory system (Npun_F1277/Npun_F1278) directly upstream from the biosynthetic genes was identified through c...

The worldwide incidence of malignant melanoma is increasing. The number of pigmented naevi and amount of solar exposure are important risk factors. The aim of this study was to characterize a paediatric population (from Lleida, Catalonia, Spain) in terms of phenotype, sun behaviour and naevi prevalence. Data on the numbers and distributions of acquired naevi in 369 children, aged 4, 8 and 14 ye...

Topical application of caffeine sodium benzoate (caffeine-SB) immediately after UVB irradiation of SKH-1 mice enhanced UVB-induced apoptosis by a 2- to 3-fold greater extent than occurred after the topical application of an equimolar amount of caffeine. Although topical application of caffeine-SB or caffeine enhanced UVB-induced apoptosis, both substances were inactive on non-UVB-treated normal...