Complexation of proteins with polyelectrolytes or block copolymers can lead to phase separation to generate a coacervate phase or self-assembly of coacervate core micelles. However, many proteins do not coacervate at conditions near neutral pH and physiological ionic strength. Here, protein supercharging is used to systematically explore the effect of protein charge on the complex coacervation ...

BACKGROUND Despite the widespread use of free perforator flaps, pedicled perforator flaps seem not to be as widely accepted, probably because of the fear of vascular complications caused by transfer of a flap attached only by its vascular pedicle, prone to shearing, kinking, and trauma. In this article, the authors report on their experience with 85 consecutive cases, focusing on incidence, pre...

BACKGROUND A mathematical model to help explain the hemodynamic characteristics of perforator flaps based on blood flow resistance systems within the flap will serve as a theoretical guide for the future study and clinical applications of these flaps. METHODS There are 3 major blood flow resistance network systems of a perforator flap. These were defined as the blood flow resistance of an ana...

Hydrogen is a carbon-free fuel that can be produced in many ways starting from different sources. Its use as internal combustion engines could method of significantly reducing their environmental impact. In spark-ignition (SI) engines, lean hydrogen–air mixtures burnt. When gaseous like hydrogen port-injected an SI engine, working with mixtures, supercharging becomes very useful order not to ex...

In the present study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method have been utilized to investigate the effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and initial charge pressure by means of using a supercharger on the emissions and performance of a SI engine. This engine is fueled separately by gasoline and two potential alternative fuels, hydrogen and ethanol. The results of simulation are compar...