The financial surplus of agriculture has been central to theories of the role of agriculture in economic development. Morrisson and Thorbecke (MT) have used a constant-price social accounting matrix (SAM) framework to rigorously measure the financial surplus of agriculture and decompose the mechanisms of surplus extraction. History and theory have, however, stressed the role of prices as an inv...

Tin oxide, SnO2, is a wide-band gap semiconductor. It is widely used in electronic devices. When doped with F, Sb, or Mo it becomes a conductor. In the case of antimony doping it was evidenced that the conductivity was not linearly dependent on the doping level [1]. So, there is an inevitable interest to understand this phenomenon. Recently a structural study of hydrothermally prepared nanocrys...

This report is an e ort to consolidate two di erent avors of a surplus inventory matching problem encountered in the steel industry: Surplus Un nished Inventory Matching, and Surplus Finished Inventory Matching. This report is compiled from two other reports that describe the heuristic solution approaches developed for a real world application of these problems [1, 2]. The focus here is to moti...

Abstract. An insurance activity model that allows to evaluate the duration of the negative surplus is presented in this paper. Assuming the surplus process as continuing if ruin occurs, we consider how long this process will stay below zero. The compound Poisson continuous time surplus process is used for the model development. Analytical formulas are obtained for estimating the expected value ...

Traits of interest to evolutionary biologists often have complex genetic architectures, the nature of which can confound traditional experimental study at single levels of analysis. In the fire ant Solenopsis invicta, the presence of a Mendelian 'supergene' is both necessary and sufficient to induce a shift in a fundamental property of social organization, from single-queen (monogyne) to multip...

Theories of rent are wide-ranging. However, whether neoclassical, Marxist, or Proudhonist, they tend to neglect evolutionary institutionalist theorising. Increasingly dominated by the income approach, theories need be expanded, partly correct existing work, break persistent intellectual monopoly and oligopoly, particularly develop institutional rent. In this paper, I attempt do so presenting ev...

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) possessing a sulfobetaine (SB) moiety at one end and a pentaethylenehexamine (N6) at the other end (SB-PEG-N6) was newly synthesized as a blocking agent for immunosensing surfaces. The N6 moiety strongly coordinates on gold surfaces, facilitating the tethering of the PEG chain to the sensor chip surface, and leaves the SB moiety free. Non-specific adsorption of bovin...

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the effect of sodium butyrate (SB) on growth performance, immune status, organs weights, and microarchitecture of lymphoid organs and small intestine. METHODS A total of 120, 1-d-old broiler chicks were distributed into the following four treatment groups: corn-soy based basal diet (BD) without supplement (control), or the same BD supplemented with 0.1 g/...