Switch costs are generally found in language switching tasks. However, the locus where switch costs occur during bilingual language production remains unclear. Several studies that used a cued language-switching paradigm have attempted to investigate this question in bilingual language production, but researchers have not reached a consensus. Moreover, we are interested in where switch costs oc...

We consider the Salop (1979) model of product differentiation and assume that consumers are uncertain about qualities prices firms’ products. They can inspect all products at zero cost. A share is expectation-based loss averse. For these consumers, a purchase plan, which involves buying varying quality price with positive probability, creates disutility from gain-loss sensations. Even modest de...

The study of consumers’ switching from one service provider to another has a long tradition in economics, information systems, and marketing. The emergence of electronic commerce presents new challenges in understanding consumers’ switching intentions in the context of e-commerce in general and online auctions in particular. With the abundance of literature on online auctions, there is a surpri...

Previous research has shown large response time costs (in excess of 50 ms) when bilingual speakers switch predictably back and forth between naming items (a productive switching task) in their first (L1) and second languages (L2). A recent study using event-related potentials (ERPs) has shown that switching between languages is associated with activity over frontal (N2) and parietal (late posit...