Morphology of 25 geneera of Erotylidae – the type-genera of all higher taxa (subfamilies and tribes) distinguished in the family, as well as representatives of morphologically distinctive groups is described and discussed. 85 adult morphological characters have been used. The results of phylogenetic analysis show that Erotylidae and Languriidae must be combined into single family Erotylidae. Er...

3 Abstract TCP-based flooding attacks are a common form of Distributed Denial-of-Service 4 (DDoS) attacks which abuse network resources and can bring about serious threats to the Internet. 5 Incorporating IP spoofing makes it even more difficult to defend against such attacks. Among 6 different IP spoofing techniques, which include random spoofing, subnet spoofing and fixed 7 spoofing, subnet s...

BACKGROUND Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and widespread aggregates of the protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn). Increasing evidence points to inflammation as a chief mediator; however, the role of α-syn in triggering and sustaining inflammation remains unclear. In models of Alz...

Distributed denial-of-service attacks on public servers have recently become a serious problem. To assure that network services will not be interrupted, we need faster and more effective defense mechanisms to protect against malicious traffic, especially SYN floods. One problem in detecting SYN flood traffic is that server nodes or firewalls cannot distinguish the SYN packets of normal TCP conn...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, yet disease-modifying treatments do not currently exist. Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) was recently described as a novel neuroprotective target in PD. Since alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation is a major hallmark in the pathogenesis of PD, we aimed to evaluate the anti-aggregative potential of pharmacologica...

We previously reported that the levels of α-syn oligomers, which play pivotal pathogenic roles in age-related Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies, increase heterogeneously in the aging brain. Here, we show that exogenous α-syn incubated with brain extracts from older cynomolgus monkeys and in Lewy body pathology (LBP)-susceptible brain regions (striatum and hippocampus) forms...

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare neurodegenerative disease of undetermined cause manifesting with progressive autonomic failure (AF), cerebellar ataxia and parkinsonism due to neuronal loss in multiple brain areas associated with (oligodendro)glial cytoplasmic alpha-synuclein (alpha SYN) inclusions (GCIs). Using proteolipid protein (PLP)-alpha-synuclein (alpha SYN) transgenic mice we hav...

-Synuclein ( -syn), particularly in its aggregated forms, is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and other related neurological disorders. However, the normal biology of -syn and how it relates to the aggregation of the protein are not clearly understood. Because of the lack of the signal sequence and its predominant localization in the cytosol, -syn is generally considered ex...

Synucleins (syns) are a family of proteins involved in several human neurodegenerative diseases and tumors. Since the first syn discovery in the brain of the electric ray Torpedo californica, members of the same family have been identified in all vertebrates and comparative studies have indicated that syn proteins are evolutionary conserved. No counterparts of syns were found in invertebrates s...

α-Synuclein (α-Syn), a major component of Lewy body that is considered as the hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD), has been implicated in neuroexocytosis. Overexpression of α-Syn decreases the neurotransmitter release. However, the mechanism by which α-Syn buildup inhibits the neurotransmitter release is still unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of nonaggregated α-Syn on SNARE-dependent ...