Setting priorities for protection and restoration efforts is necessary whenever resources are not sufficient to target all sites simultaneously. When this occurs priorities should be set to maximize the ecological benefit gained from available resources. Prioritizing protection and restoration efforts in this fashion is hampered, however, by a lack of information that can be used by resource ma...

We report on the development and validation of a neural network (NN) model of PM10 concentrations in terms of photochemical measurements of NO, NO2 and O3 and temporal parameters that include the day of the week and the day of the year with its sinusoidal variation. A long-term record (≈10 yr) from 2001–2012 (inclusive) assembled from measurements taken at 10 station nodes in the air quality mo...

Aerosol formation over the Boreal forest in Hyytiälä, Finland: monthly frequency and annual cycles – the roles of air mass characteristics and synoptic scale meteorology E. D. Nilsson and M. Kulmala Stockholm University, Department of Applied Environmental Science, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden University of Helsinki, Department of Physical Sciences, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland Received: 29 ...

This paper applies some recent methods involving semantic vectors and their combination operations to some very traditional questions, including the discovery of similarities and differences between the four Gospels, relationships between individuals, and the identification of geopolitical regions and leaders in the ancient world. In the process, we employ several methods from linear algebra an...

Distortions are often seen in the angular distribution of echo-power from VHF wind-profiling radars, suggesting that thin stable layers, within the air flow, are distorted and tilted from horizontal. In vertical shear of the horizontal wind, the distribution of the layer tilt angles becomes skewed. A case study using six days of VHF radar data and synoptic charts above western Europe indicates ...

opsis of all flow features simultaneously. Good examples of 2D synoptic visualizations are weather maps from both TV news reports and online Web pages. The human visual system is adept at finding patterns within larger contexts, and we hypothesize that synoptic visualization methods will help users find unexpected features more quickly and thus speed the understanding of complex 3D time-varying...

Uncertainty exists concerning the links between synoptic-scale processes and tornado outbreaks. With continuously improving computer technology, a large number of high-resolution model simulations can be conducted to study these outbreaks to the storm scale, to determine the degree to which synoptic-scale processes appear to influence the occurrence of tornado outbreaks, and to determine how fa...

We evaluate planetary boundary-layer (PBL) parametrizations in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical model, with three connected objectives: first, for a 16-year period, we use a cluster analysis algorithm of three-day back-trajectories to determine general synoptic flow patterns over Barcelona, Spain arriving at heights of 0.5, 1.5, and 3 km; to represent the lower PBL, upper PB...

Wintertime temperature profiles in the Grand Canyon exhibit a neutral to isothermal stratification during both daytime and nighttime, with only rare instances of actual temperature inversions. The canyon warms during daytime and cools during nighttime more or less uniformly through the canyon’s entire depth. This weak stability and temperature structure evolution differ from other Rocky Mountai...