heavy metals are very important from environmental consideration due to their toxicity and accumulative properties. the aim of this study is the evaluation of spatial distribution of cr, co and ni in the surface soils of hamadan province. for this purpose, the surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected using systematic random sampling method and the concentration of heavy metals and some of ...

self-reported measures of dietary intake are prone to measurement error that may obscure the relationship of diet and disease. this review addresses strategies to decrease errors during collection of dietary data and statistical approaches to deal with measurement issues once the data are collected.  examples from two us studies-- the women’s health initiative (whi) dietary modification trial a...

To the Editor: We read with concern the recent paper by Fallest-Strobl, Olafsdottir, Wiebe, and Westgard (1) in which the authors state, “. . . the NCEP recommendations fail to adequately consider the quality control requirements necessary to detect medically important systematic errors.” We also note that Westgard, Petersen, and Wiebe (2) published a similar paper in 1991 questioning the adequ...

Introduction: Medication errors are among the most serious health errors threatening patient safety in all countries, with major impacts on public health. Midwives as members of healthcare systems are prone to such errors. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine medication errors and the contributing factors among midwives working in maternity units of Mashhad University of Medical Scie...

We present families of binary systematic codes that can correct t random errors and detect more than t unidirectional errors. As in recent papers, we start by encoding the k information symbols into a codeword of an [n', k, 2t + 11 error correcting code. The second step of our construction involves adding more bits to this linear error correcting code in order to obtain the detection capability...

background and objectives: patient safety (ps) is one of the most important and essential elements of quality in healthcare setting. a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the status of patient safety culture using the hospital survey on patient safety culture (hsopsc). methods: in this systematic review and meta-analysis study, data were collected through searching datab...

Voltage controlled magnetoresistive random access memory (VC MRAM) is a promising candidate for future low-power high-density memory. The main causes of bit errors in VC MRAM are write error and retention error. As the size cell decreases, data time which transition from write-error-dominant region to retention-error-dominant at certain operating time. Here we introduce characteristic analyze h...